Open corruption and oppression under Batista's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement, which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro. As a fragile republic, in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952. From the 15th century, it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902.
The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants. The main island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 104,556 km 2 (40,369 sq mi). The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km 2 (42,426 sq mi) (without the territorial waters). Havana is the largest city and capital other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey.
Cuba is located at the east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola ( Haiti/ Dominican Republic), and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba ( / ˈ k juː b ə/ ( listen) KEW-bə, Spanish: ( listen)), officially the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: República de Cuba ( listen)), is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.
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